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Berengar I (c. 845 – 7 April 924〔Rosenwein, p. 270.〕) was the King of Italy from 887, and Holy Roman Emperor after 915, until his death. He is usually known as Berengar of Friuli, since he ruled the March of Friuli from 874 until at least 890, but he had lost control of the region by 896.〔AF(M), 887 (p. 102 n3). AF(B), 896 (pp 134–135 and nn19&21).〕 Berengar rose to become one of the most influential laymen in the empire of Charles the Fat, and he was elected to replace Charles in Italy after the latter's deposition in November 887. His long reign of 36 years saw him opposed by no less than seven other claimants to the Italian throne. His reign is usually characterised as "troubled" because of the many competitors for the crown and because of the arrival of Magyar raiders in Western Europe. He was the last emperor before Otto the Great was crowned in 962, after a 38-year interregnum. ==Margrave of Friuli, 874–887== His family was called the Unruochings after his grandfather, Unruoch II. Berengar was a son of Eberhard of Friuli and Gisela, daughter of Louis the Pious and his second wife Judith. He was thus of Carolingian extraction on his mother's side. He was born probably at Cividale. His name in Latin is ''Berengarius'' or ''Perngarius'' and in Italian is ''Berengario''. Sometime during his margraviate, he married Bertilla, daughter of Suppo II, thus securing an alliance with the powerful Supponid family.〔Rosenwein, p. 256.〕 She would later rule alongside him as a ''consors'', a title specifically denoting her informal power and influence, as opposed to a mere ''coniunx'', "wife."〔Rosenwein, p. 257.〕 When his older brother Unruoch III died in 874,〔''Annales Fuldenses'' (Mainz tradition), 887 (p. 102 n3). The ''Annales'' are hereafter cited as "AF" with the post-882 tradition, Mainz or Bavarian, indicated by (M) or (B).〕 Berengar succeeded him in the March of Friuli.〔MacLean, p. 70 and n116. He was usually called ''marchio'', but once appears as ''dux'' in one charter of Charles the Fat. He was one of only three ''marchiones'' and six ''consiliarii'' who appear in the reign of Charles.〕 With this he obtained a key position in the Carolingian Empire, as the march bordered the Croats and other Slavs who were a constant threat to the Italian peninsula. He was a territorial magnate with lordship over several counties in northeastern Italy. He was an important channel for the men of Friuli to get access to the emperor and for the emperor to exercise authority in Friuli. He even had a large degree of influence on the church of Friuli. In 884–885, Berengar intervened with the emperor on behalf of Haimo, Bishop of Belluno.〔MacLean, p. 71.〕 When, in 875, the Emperor Louis II, who was also King of Italy, died, having come to terms with Louis the German whereby the German monarch's eldest son, Carloman, would succeed in Italy, Charles the Bald of West Francia invaded the peninsula and had himself crowned king and emperor.〔AF, 875 (p.77 and n8).〕 Louis the German sent first Charles the Fat, his youngest son, and then Carloman himself, with armies containing Italian magnates led by Berengar, to possess the Italian kingdom.〔〔MacLean, p. 70.〕 This was not successful until the death of Charles the Bald in 877. The proximity of Berengar's march to Bavaria, which Carloman already ruled under his father, may explain their cooperation. In 883, the newly succeeded Guy III of Spoleto was accused of treason at an imperial synod held at Nonantula late in May.〔AF(B), 883 (p. 107 and nn6&7).〕 He returned to the Duchy of Spoleto and made an alliance with the Saracens. The emperor, then Charles the Fat, sent Berengar with an army to deprive him of Spoleto. Berengar was successful before an epidemic of disease, which ravaged all Italy, affecting the emperor and his entourage as well as Berengar's army, forced him to retire.〔 In 886, Liutward, Bishop of Vercelli, took Berengar's sister from the nunnery of San Salvatore at Brescia in order to marry her to a relative of his; whether or not by force or by the consent of the convent and Charles the Fat, her relative, is uncertain.〔AF(M), 887 (p. 102), presents it as an invasion on Liutward's part.〕 Berengar and Liutward had a feud that year, which involved his attack on Vercelli and plundering of the bishop's goods.〔AF(B), 886 (p. 112 and n8).〕 Berengar's actions are explicable if his sister was abducted by the bishop, but if the bishop's actions were justified, then Berengar appears as the initiator of the feud. Whatever the case, bishop and margrave were reconciled shortly before Liutward was dismissed from court in 887.〔 By his brief war with Liutward, Berengar had lost the favour of his cousin the emperor. Berengar came to the emperor's assembly at Waiblingen in early May 887.〔AF(B), 887 (p. 113 and nn3&4).〕 He made peace with the emperor and compensated for the actions of the previous year by dispensing great gifts.〔 In June or July, Berengar was again at the emperor's side at Kirchen, when Louis of Provence was adopted as the emperor's son.〔MacLean, p. 113.〕 It is sometimes alleged that Berengar was pining to be declared Charles' heir and that he may in fact have been so named in Italy, where he was acclaimed (or made himself) king immediately after Charles' deposition by the nobles of East Francia in November that year (887).〔Reuter, p. 119, suggests this, adding that Odo, Count of Paris, may have had a similar purpose in visiting Charles at Kirchen.〕 On the other hand, his presence may merely have been necessary to confirm Charles' illegitimate son Bernard as his heir (Waiblingen), a plan which failed when the pope refused to attend, and then to confirm Louis instead (Kirchen).〔MacLean, pp 167–168.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Berengar I of Italy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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